WMA declarations

• Hippocratic Oath: The Hippocratic Oath is traditionally taken by physicians, in which certain ethical guidelines are laid out. Several parts of the Oath have been removed or re-worded over the years in various countries, schools and societies.

• Declaration of Geneva: The declaration of Geneva was intended as a revision of the Hippocrates Oath to a formulation of that oaths’ moral truth that could be comprehended and acknowledged modernly. It was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association (WMA) at Geneva in 1948 and amended in 1968, 1984, 1994, 2005 and 2006.

• Declaration of Tokyo: This was adopted in 1975 (amended in 2005 and 2006) during the assembly of the WMA. It refers to the guidelines for doctors concerning torture, degradation or cruel treatment of prisoners.

• Declaration of Helsinki: The WMA originally developed this declaration in 1964 and underwent major revision in 1975. It refers to the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data.

• Declaration of Oslo: It was a statement by the WMA in 1970 on therapeutic abortion and amended in 1983 and 2006.

• Declaration of Malta: This was adopted by the WMA in 1991 (revised in 1992 and 2006) for hunger strikers. The principle of beneficence urges physicians to resuscitate them, but respect for individual autonomy restrains physicians from intervening when a valid and informed refusal has been made.

• Declaration of Lisbon: This was adopted by the WMA in 1981 (amended in 1995 and 2005). The declaration represents some of the principal rights of the patient that the medical profession endorses and promotes.

• Declaration of Ottawa: This declaration on child health was adopted by the WMA in 1998 (amended in 2009). Physicians along with parents and with world leaders to advocate for healthy children.




Ref:
 Gautam Biswas Forensic Medicine, 3rd Edition, Page No: 6

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